Using newly available data on all civil rights complaints submitted to the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights related to racial discrimination in discipline between 1999 and 2018, I provide the first systematic evidence on how modern federal civil rights enforcement is used to address racial discrimination in discipline. I find…

This fact sheet was written in response to a Senatorial request for information that would quantify litigation costs, in time and money, associated with federal efforts to defend and promote the rights of American Indians from 1982 through 1987. Costs incurred on behalf of Alaskan Natives were to be excluded in the report. It was found that for…

The purpose of this report is to examine what effect the increase in the number of schools obtaining unitary status has had on the racial balance of schools that were previously under court order. Specifically, the report examines whether levels of integration tend to erode as consent decrees are lifted. To that end, the Commission collected data…