In 1956, southern Congressmen signed the Southern Manifesto, rejecting the Supreme Court's "Brown v. Board of Education" ruling. This moment, in the general American consciousness, marked the rise of White massive resistance to Black advancement, a racist foray doomed to be swept aside by civil rights forces and a determined federal…

What happens if Americans fundamental freedoms are denied or deferred? What is the ideal of freedom? Boston, Massachusetts, has long been a crucible for social, cultural, and political change. Here was the shot heard 'round the world, stronghold of abolition, home to the U.S. Colored Troops, the birthplace of American literature.... Boston is also…

The purpose of this historical case study was to add to the literature an analysis of the landmark legal case of Jose Cisneros v. CCISD. The outcome of this case established Mexican Americans as an ethnic minority and set the legal precedent that the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Topeka ruling could be extended to other minorities beyond…

In 1982 civil rights activist Rev. Jesse Jackson criticized President Ronald Reagan's attacks on busing to coerce school desegregation for targeting "not the bus, but us." Two decades later, the United States Supreme Court ended the thirty-two-year-old Charlotte, North Carolina, plan which had launched the era of court-ordered busing…

There have been major changes in the Justice Department's law enforcement program in the 10 years since passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. First, no longer is civil rights enforcement limited to the South. Today, the department's program is national in scope and focus. Some of the greatest gains in the desegregation of schools and in the…

IN A REPORT PUBLISHED IN 1962, IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT TOTAL SCHOOL DESEGREGATION IN NORTH CAROLINA WAS NOT LIKELY IN THE FORSEEABLE FUTURE UNLESS FORCED BY COURT DECREES. THE BASIS FOR THE PREDICTION WAS THE HISTORY OF APPLICATION OF TWO ACTS--THE PUPIL ASSIGNMENT ACT, WHICH TRANSFERRED AUTHORITY OF PUPIL ASSIGNMENT TO LOCAL SCHOOL BOARDS, AND THE…

Argues that the eradication of all state supported racial subordination in the public schools was the essence of the Brown decision. Where separation cannot be promptly remedied, as in majority black districts, civil rights should seek, and courts order, plans designed to involve black parents in the school process in facilities are held…

This response endeavors to deal with the specific contentions of the Bell thesis, asserting that it represents nothing more than a capitulation and submission to rapacious unconstitutional behavior that society expects no other group to endure, and discusses the moral, as distinguished from the practical, objection that black parents and children…

Considers the role of the federal government and the courts in school desegregation. Notes the resegregative effects of White flight to the suburbs resulting from desegregation efforts, and discusses the Reagan administration's apparent retreat from enforcement of desegregation orders, using Denver as an example. (PGD)

Views concerning the influence of the 1954 Supreme Court decision in "Brown versus the Board of Education" which ended school segregation are discussed. Historian Raymond Wolters believes that while segregation was wrong and the Supreme Court's unanimous decision reversing the "separate but equal" interpretation was right, the…

The purpose of this report is to examine what effect the increase in the number of schools obtaining unitary status has had on the racial balance of schools that were previously under court order. Specifically, the report examines whether levels of integration tend to erode as consent decrees are lifted. To that end, the Commission collected data…

Most scholarly literature on school desegregation treats opposition to busing as racist, reactionary, or as springing from deeper conditions of alienation or anomie. From this viewpoint, anti-busing demonstrations are episodic, unorganized and not founded on any thoroughgoing comprehension of the immediate policy issue. Busing is merely the…

These conference proceedings are separated into three areas: (1) presentations by individuals who have played important roles in desegregation; (2) presentations on contemporary issues; and (3) the continuing challenge of providing equal educational opportunity to all. Among the topics included in the first section are the social and legal history…

Few rights are as basic as acquiring a home of one's choice. The home and neighborhood are the environment in which families live and rear their children. For minorities, the home usually means housing vacated by whites, who, because of their race as well as ability to pay, are able to acquire a more desirable dwelling elsewhere. Congress, in…