Argues that consideration of the ERA should focus on the general principles it would establish: (1) gender neutrality in legal classifications; (2) strict scrutiny of laws or government practices that implicitly disadvantage persons on account of their sex; and (3) strict scrutiny of laws that disproportionately burden one sex by their statistical…

The following laws and order are explained in this pamphlet: (1) Equal Pay Act of 1963 (concerns prohibiting employers from paying workers of one sex less than workers of the other sex for equal work on jobs that require equal skill, effort, and responsibility and that are performed under similar working conditions), (2) Title VII of the Civil…

The primary purpose of this article, the eighteenth chapter in a book on school law, is to discuss significant Supreme Court cases decided since 1977 concerning burden of proof in civil rights cases. In two cases, "Dayton Board of Education v. Brinkman" and "Columbus Board of Education v. Penick," the Court's most significant…

Describes an investigation of sex discrimination at a large American corporation. The investigation found that although fewer women than men were promoted, this was due to greater interest in promotion expressed by men, rather than to discrimination by the company. Argues against criteria applied by federal agencies to prove discrimination. (GC)

This article briefly sketches the background and outcomes of national legislation to eliminate sex discrimination in sports at educational institutions. It calls upon those involved in women's athletics to work towards realizing the goal of bringing equal opportunity to girls and women in sports. (IAH)

Argues that sex discrimination has depressed salaries for jobs filled primarily by women. Shows that under the Equal Pay Act and Title VII, workers in traditionally female occupations can establish equal pay claims. Suggests approaches for developing legal and enforcement standards to deal with discriminatory compensation in traditionally female…

This document lists the provisions of the Washington state statute which prohibits sex discrimination in: public schools, employment, counseling and guidance services to students, recreational and athletic activities for students, access to course offerings, and in textbooks and instructional materials used by students. All school districts in…

Chapter 17 of a book on school law is an historical review of judicial decisions and legislative enactments that apply to employment. The purpose of the chapter is to analyze those cases concerned with discrimination because of sex, age, or national origin, and to discuss the decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court in these areas. Not until the…

This report identifies and analyzes sex-based references in the United States Code, which forms the basis of Federal laws which allow implicit or explicit sex-based discrimination. The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights has issued this report to inform the public and to provide resource materials for private citizens, the President, and members of…

This guidebook is designed to help local districts determine how well they comply with the spirit of the Title IX requirements against sex discrimination, which in turn could aid in compliance with the letter of the law. The document's first section presents samples of required antidiscrimination policy statements issued by two districts. The…

Examines recent progress under European Economic Community (EEC) and national law towards equality of opportunity and treatment in employment. The first part deals with decisions of the EEC Court of Justice; the second part depicts legislation and case law in the 10 member countries. (SK)

Examines the implications of such suits as those filed by Firestone and Sears challenging the manner in which civil rights legislation is being enforced by the federal government. (IRT)

The various standards set out in United States Steel and other recent cases are analyzed along with policy considerations and criteria development for such standards. The author suggests a standard which preserves the policy behind Title VII and provides more predictable application. (LBH)

Using applicable common law and statutory standards, this comment examines from several perspectives the constitutionality of section 86.41 of the Title IX regulations. It is concluded that the alternative to section 86.41 and the entire separate but equal system is to classify by ability rather than by sex. (LBH)