The majority of states with a weighted, student-based K-12 funding formula include weights that allocate additional funding based on the enrollment of students in poverty, students with special education needs, and English learners (ELs). Research shows that all three of these student groups need additional support and resources to succeed. Many…

A significant amount of research has been devoted to class size, in relation to student achievement. Success in the classroom is not only about increases in attainment. Fulfilment, and well-being, for teachers and students alike, is a more complete evaluation of improved achievement. The cost of reducing class sizes seems to be prohibitive, so…

Reimagining the teaching job requires redesigning the underlying economic structures of the job with new staffing plans, redistributed schedules, competitive compensation models, and adjusted conceptions of what counts as "learning time." This document outlines actions that build toward longer-term transformation, rather than short-term…

What determines student achievement? The usual approach is to think of achievement as the output of an educational production function. Inputs into this educational production function include teacher quality, class size, resources, peer effects (possibly positive spillover effects and negative disruption effects), and past achievement, since…

Levels of governance (the nation, states, and districts), student subgroups (racial and ethnic minoritized and economically disadvantaged students), and types of resources (expenditures, class sizes, and teacher quality) intersect to represent a complex and comprehensive picture of K-12 educational resource inequality. Drawing on multiple sources…

Increasing student achievement by improving the quality and effectiveness of teachers, principals, and other school leaders is one of the key goals of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). Title II, Part A of ESEA (Title II-A) provides over $2 billion per year in funding to states and districts to support effective instruction through…

These are the appendices for "State and District Use of Title II, Part A Funds in 2019-20." The study is designed to provide information about how states and districts use Title II-A funds, in response to a statutory requirement to collect and publicly report this information annually. The report is based on surveys of all states and of…

This report presents the study highlights from the full report, "State and District Use of Title II, Part A Funds in 2019-20. NCEE 2021-011." The report, required by Congress, provides a national picture of state and district priorities for Title II-A funds in the 2019-20 school year. State and district surveys on the use of Title II-A…

In most schools, the end user of education products and programs--the teacher--has little or no control over what gets purchased; education products and programs are bought for teachers by school and district leaders. This top-down purchasing system creates three hurdles to effective education procurement: (1) half-baked implementation of new…

The heightening public apprehension about instructional deliveries and the learning of science in Ghanaian schools have taken a different dimension as many shareholders keep interrogating the Government's pledge to ensure equity and quality science education for primary schools in the country. The study explored and defined the standing and…

After decades of decline, Scranton can capitalize on the unprecedented federal emergency relief provided to schools and communities in the pandemic and its wake. To do so, Scranton must recognize and address the threat to the city's public school system. Great public schools are the lifeblood of any thriving community, attracting and retaining…

In the U.S., state politicians directly influence legislation and budget decisions that can substantially affect public education spending and students. Does the political party of elected officials matter for these outcomes? We use a regression discontinuity design to analyze close house and gubernatorial elections from 1982 to 2016 and find that…

Instead of asking whether money matters, this paper questions whose money matters in public education. Previous literature on education funding uses an aggregate expenditure per pupil to measure the relationship between education funding and academic performance. Federalism creates mainly three levels of funding sources: federal, state, and local…

This study analyzed school funding and its relationship with selected student and teacher factors of high schools in the Southeastern Region of South Carolina. The student factors included the dropout rate, class size, academic achievement, and graduation rate. Also, examined teacher factors consisted of teacher retention, teachers with advanced…

Every year, children enter PreK and kindergarten with varied early education experiences, and the COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the problem. The need to respond to students' changing situations gives school districts and states an opportunity to reconsider how they are helping children and their families make the transition into kindergarten.…