This dissertation examines the role of metaphorical language in early Buddhist literature through the lens of two previously unpublished Gandhari sutras on a manuscript from the Robert Senior Collection. At the microscopic level, I offer an edition, translation, and textual analysis of a Buddhist manuscript containing two Sa?yuktagama-type sutras…

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of integrating a cloud-based cross-device interactive response system (CCIRS) on enhancing students' classical Chinese learning. The system is a cloud-based IRS system which provides instructors and learners with an environment in which to achieve immediate interactive learning and…

The paratactic and appositional nature of Homeric Greek syntax, as compared with Classical Greek syntax, is currently explained in two different ways. According to the archaism theory, originally proposed in the context of late 19th and early 20th century research into comparative-historical grammar, Homeric language preserves features of an early…

The contention that Esperanto is a natural linguistic system is discussed. Research is cited concerning universals of word order, dominant word order, polar type languages, Esperanto as a verb-subject-object language, and gapping in Esperanto. It is concluded that contrary to grammatical tradition, word order is not and cannot be completely free.…

The liberty of deviation from the dominant word order in Esperanto and the natural languages is considered. Greenberg's classification of the languages according to four criteria, the liberty of word order in Sanskrit, and the norm of grammaticality in a constructed language are considered. Objection is made to St. Clair's argument that word order…

Provides names of individuals who received some type of doctoral degree in foreign languages in 1979-80. List is arranged by area of specialization and, within that, alphabetically by state and personal name. Includes dissertation title. (MN)

This study is based on a sample of about 100 languages with numeral classifiers. An attempt is made at reconstructing the dynamics of the process by which such systems arise, develop, and decay. Among the hypotheses advanced are the following: (1) numeral classifiers involve the overt expression of one kind of quantification, namely, counting by…

The status of classical studies in the United States of America is contrasted with the British classical tradition from diverse points of view. Several articles focus on: (1) the English and American school systems, (2) a historical survey of the classics in the schools and universities of the United States, (3) classical associations in the…

The eighth in a series of statistical surveys conducted by the Modern Language Association, this 1965 study of 2,100 institutions of higher learning (junior and 4-year colleges as well as universities) presents, for the first time, enrollment data for all foreign languages. To provide background for the 1965 enrollment figures, data from previous…