Cloze items are a foundational approach to assessing readability. However, they require human data collection, thus making them impractical in automated metrics. The present study revisits the idea of assessing readability with cloze items and compares human cloze scores and readability judgments with predictions made by T5, a popular deep…

This guide outlines a model that adult educators can use to construct a test for their adult students, regardless of subject area, that is written at the students' reading level. The problems that written tests pose for trade and technical students in further education (FE) who have poor reading skills and the drawbacks of using commercially…

A study examined whether (1) there are untested indices of difficulty that can be used to enhance the accuracy of readability formulas, (2) the same readability formula can be used to assess the readability of text for mature and immature readers and for good and poor readers, and (3) some one model of the reading process or some synthesis of…