The drudgery means forced labor without any money. In social and organizational environments, it is used in the sense of non-functional, needless and vacant jobs. Social club activities in schools, specific days and weeks, coaching practices, etc. perceiving the issues as a drudgery chore may adversely affect the quality of the performance of the…

In this study we document how a mathematical idea, shared by a student, changes the development of the class discussion. Our work characterizes the flexible and open dynamics in mathematics instruction that a teacher adopts to give her students control of their own mathematical ideas. Our work argues that this flexibility is necessary for teachers…