Teacher language use has long been debated and the different proportions and functions of the first language (L1) have been recurrently examined. Nevertheless, there has not been enough attention paid to the relationship between teacher language use and learning outcomes using empirical data. Hence, the present study aims to investigate the effect…

In this review, we evaluate the claim that translanguaging in the classroom supports the development of the bilingual lexicon by enhancing cross-linguistic transfer. To address this issue, we integrate findings from psycholinguistics and educational sciences in order to identify how effective pedagogical practices for monolingual children can be…

The number of children learning English entering U.S. schools continues to rise, yet the majority of classroom teachers remain English-dominant. Many teachers feel under-prepared to work with the growing number of multilingual students. However, they can draw on a familiar curricular structure, shared reading, to build on children's cultural and…

This article explores the findings from a formative study focused on language and literacy development in an international school's K5 classroom in South America. The teacher's pedagogical goal was to increase the amount of English used by students related to the social context of a restaurant. The intervention involved an integrated literacy and…

Macaro has stated that the choice between a monolingual, immersive, target language-only pedagogy versus a non-immersive, multilingual pedagogy is 'probably the most fundamental question facing second language acquisition (SLA) researchers, language teachers, and policymakers'. Recognizing that prior empirical work on monolingual versus…

The present study aims to investigate the socio- and applied linguistic functions and frequency of lecturers' language behaviors (code-switching (CS), code-mixing (CM), and translanguaging) in terms of showing lecturers' social identity in the Georgian educational discourse, namely, in teaching Business English (English for Specific Purposes -…

Although the literature on computer-assisted language learning has demonstrated that digital tools such as online translators and bilingual dictionaries offer affordances to second language (or foreign language) writers of English to solve linguistic (lexical and syntactic) issues, the extent to which digital technology supports multilingual…

In this preregistered, longitudinal study of early code-switching, 34 US-born, Spanish-English bilingual children were recorded with a bilingual family member at 2;6 and 3;6, in Spanish-designated and English-designated interactions. Children's Spanish and English expressive vocabulary and their exposure to code-switching were measured through…

In this article, I share two critical incidents from the vocabulary lessons in an instructional cycle on immigration with third-grade bilingual students. In sharing these critical incidents, I seek to raise awareness of how colonial legacies of cultural and linguistic domination permeate translanguaging pedagogy. I use critical reflection,…

In Australia, international students who do not meet university set English language requirements can alternatively attend intensive courses in English for Academic Purposes (EAP). Such courses are steeped in the traditions of communicative language teaching, often holding 'English only' classroom policies. This article draws on data from a larger…

To code-switch or not to code-switch? This is a dilemma for many bilingual language teachers. In this study, the influence of teachers' CS on bilingual children's language and cognitive development is explored within heritage language (HL) classes in Singapore. Specifically, the relationship between children's language output, vocabulary…

In this article, the authors share their experiences creating and implementing a unit focused on supporting bilingual identities through integrating language domains and translanguaging with authentic writing experiences. Two dual-language first-grade teachers from Colombia and the US worked together to model, celebrate, and support the use of…

The present study aims to identify translanguaging strategies and question the effectiveness of these strategies in foreign language classrooms. To this aim, a 10th grade German class was observed during fall and spring semesters of 2017-2018 academic year, and interviews before, during and after observation process were conducted with the German…

Translanguaging has recently been promoted as a socially just and academically beneficial way to teach English language learners, however, there is an absence of research on the compelling ways bilingual families in the United States flexibly apply their entire linguistic repertoire when reading, particularly within shared readings. The present…

Although a bilingual advantage has been reported for various measures of cognitive control, most previous studies have looked at a limited range of cognitive control measures. Furthermore, they typically leave unaddressed whether positive effects of bilingualism hold for all bilinguals or whether these are modulated by differences in bilingual…