This paper documents the evolution of attempts to codify and standardise teachers' work in England with particular attention to how this phenomenon has impacted the Initial Teacher Education (ITE) sector. In recent decades the teaching profession in England has undergone various iterations of competency criteria, culminating with the current…

Most professionals have the arduous task of managing their own dual loyalty: in one contextual relationship, they are members of a profession while simultaneously they are employed as members of a locally established organisation. This sense of a dual loyalty has to be taken into account when professional bureaucracies develop ethics programmes.…

The task of social scientists is to find ways of investigating and understanding the social, political and economic world1

The current educational debate in Quebec results not only from language, religious, and political differences between English- and French-speaking Quebeckers but also from cultural differences between the Gallic tradition of rationalism, codifed law, and centralism and the Anglo-Saxon tradition of empiricism, common law, and localism. (SB)

This monograph presents a comprehensive but tentative matrix program structure and system of account codes that have been integrated to facilitate the implementation of PPB systems in local school districts. It is based on the results of an extensive analysis of K-12 public school district programs and management practices. In its entirety, the…

The American school board is on trial. The most common accusations are that school boards are irrelevant, unresponsive, provincial, and therefore obsolete. School boards will not meet this challenge if they continue to tolerate certain common obstacles to effective policy-making. New horizons can be reached if boards and their administrators can…