This review investigates how the unconscious information processing can create satisfactory learning outcomes, and can be used to ameliorate the challenges of teaching students to regulate their learning processes. The search for the ideal model of human information processing as regards achievement of teaching and learning objectives is a…

Introduction: Implicit theories of intelligence are lay beliefs about whether intelligence is either fixed (entity theory) or changeable (incremental theory), and are known to be important predictors of learning processes of students in schools. Four studies test the hypothesis that objectifying linguistic practices (i.e., the use of abstract…