Children's arithmetic performance is dependent on the arithmetic task format, but little is known about how domain-specific and domain-general abilities contribute to solving diverse arithmetic problems. In this study, 145 Italian typically developing children between the ages of five and six, who have not yet received formal schooling, were…

Urban and rural children have different levels of performance in arithmetic processing. This study investigated whether such a residence difference can be explained by phonological processing. A total of 1,501 Chinese primary school students from urban and rural areas were recruited to complete nine cognitive tasks: two in arithmetic performance…

Previous research suggests that infants can calculate simple arithmetic (Wynn, 1992). This study sought to replicate this finding and examine how familiarization may influence response. Experiment 1 confirmed that 3- to 5-month-old infants looked longer at an incorrect outcome (1 + 1 = 1) when no familiarization trials were presented. Experiment 2…