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Kshitij Sharma; Serena Lee-Cultura; Sofia Papavlasopoulou; Michail Giannakos – Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2025
Background: Effort measurement is essential for adaptation to interactive learning technologies. Most contemporary technologies measure effort through the log data (reaction time and correctness). Some adaptive technologies use facial expressions and attention to adapt. Objectives: We present a novel, complementary, and multimodal definition of…
Descriptors: Academic Persistence, Educational Technology, Technology Uses in Education, Assistive Technology