When discrete localizable stimuli are used during appetitive Pavlovian conditioning, "sign-tracking" and "goal-tracking" responses emerge. Sign-tracking is observed when conditioned responding is directed toward the CS, whereas goal-tracking manifests as responding directed to the site of expected reward delivery. These…

When behavior suggests that the value of a reinforcer depends inversely on the value of the events that precede or follow it, the behavior has been described as a "contrast" effect. Three major forms of contrast have been studied: "incentive contrast," in which a downward (or upward) shift in the magnitude of reinforcement produces a relatively…

This article describes a manualized-group treatment of eating disorders, the attunement in mind, body, and relationship (AMBR) program. The cognitive behavioral and dialectic behavioral research as well as the innovative prevention interventions upon which the program is based (e.g., interactive discourse, yoga, and mediation) are introduced. The…

Questions about perceived self-efficacy are used to analyze cognitive processes through which people approach their efficacy for performance. The review indicates that: (a) self-efficacy perceptions generalize across idiosyncratic sets; (b) efficacy-standards discrepancies can create individual negative moods; and (c) distinctions can be made…

The previous article in this series introduced the triune brain, the three components of which handle specialized life tasks. The survival brain, or brain stem, directs automatic physiological functions, such as heartbeat and breathing, and mobilizes fight/flight behaviour in times of threat. The emotional (or limbic) brain activates positive or…

This document includes an annotated bibliography of 93 major articles related to cognitive behavior therapy reported in 15 professional journals between 1966 and 1977. A summary and reference grouping of the articles are included to allow for identification of articles related to: definitions and descriptions of cognitive behavior therapy,…

Eventually, as the research on any one topic advances in technical sophistication, it may well become more and more trivial until finally it fades away, while researchers once again wait for the appearance of a nova. (Author)

Three procedures for use in assessing imagery behavior were examined with the intent of finding a prognastic tool that would help the behavior therapist evaluate the applicability and/or the progress of an imagery intervention such as covert sensitization or implosion therapy. The authors attempted to replicate and extend portions of earlier…

Researchers are analyzing the root causes for the universal problem of chronic academic procrastination, which is believed to raise student's anxiety and sinks their self-esteem. Colleges of Belgium, Canada, and Netherlands have begun to develop counseling programs that draw on cognitive and behavioral research to help students lessen…

The Multidimensional Behavior Rating Scale (MBRS) was constructed to assess symptoms of depression across seven modalities: behavior, affect, sensation, imagery, cognition, interpersonal relationship, and drugs. Subjects (N=33) were matched by level of depression on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Depression Scale to either a…