Teacher observations are being used for high-stakes purposes in states across the country, and administrators often serve as raters in teacher evaluation systems. This paper examines how the cognitive aspects of administrators' use of an observation instrument, a modified version of Charlotte Danielson's Framework for Teaching, interact with the…

This study reviews theories supporting the construction of student knowledge and found they rely upon theoretical operations with few pragmatic applications. A new paradigm of learning needs to emerge which focuses on how students actually construct their own knowledge, based on reconstructing current/past knowledge or experience, and their…

Processes of solving an ill-structured problem were studied. Eight individuals (recent graduates and participants in a teacher education program) learned about a fictitious vehicle, and then designed instruction about it. The individuals were relative novices in instructional design, because of a small amount of professional training in the…