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Owings, Richard A.; Baumeister, Alfred A. – Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1979
In three experiments, memory for intentionally encoded words was compared with memory for encodings, induced by asking semantic, phonemic, or surface questions. Subjects were second-, fourth-, and sixth-grade students, and junior and senior high school students. (Author/MP)
Descriptors: Age Differences, Cognitive Processes, Elementary School Students, Elementary Secondary Education
Doughty, Catherine J., Ed.; Long, Michael H., Ed. – 2003
This handbook provides an integrated discussion of key issues in second language acquisition (SLA). The 24 chapters include the following: (1) "The Scope of Inquiry and the Goals of SLA" (Catherine J. Doughty and Michael H. Long); (2) "On the Nature of Interlanguage Representation: Universal Grammar in the Second Language"…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Data Collection, Elementary Secondary Education, Grammar

Scheurman, Geoffrey; Newman, Fred M. – Social Education, 1998
Describes criteria for authentic intellectual achievement in social studies, as well as the assessment and instruction tasks necessary to achieve these criteria. Emphasizes the importance of the construction of knowledge, disciplined inquiry, and the development of qualities of reasoning that have value outside school. (MJP)
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Cognitive Processes, Constructivism (Learning), Educational Theories

Konopak, Bonnie; And Others – Reading Psychology, 1987
Examines whether students spontaneously focus on and acquire meanings for unknown words encountered in text. Indicates that, while the intentional learning group made the greatest gains, the incidental learning group acquired some knowledge and confidence. Shows that the control group gained little in either case. Provides support for incidental…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Content Area Reading, Context Clues, Elementary Secondary Education