The cognitive reserve hypothesis helps to explain the incomplete relationship between brain disease and cognitive status in people with neurologic diseases, including Alzheimer's; disease and multiple sclerosis. Lifetime intellectual enrichment (estimated with education or vocabulary knowledge) lessens the negative impact of brain disease on…

Comparison of a standardized production format measure, the Measure of Epistemological Reflection and an open-ended interview resulted in a high positive correlation to support the potential of standardized assessment of intellectual development. (Author/KS)

A primary function of the teacher educator is to use himself, his students, and all the dimensions of teacher education (instructional organization, methods, content, materials, media, and evaluation) only as means for providing opportunities for prospective teachers to become teacher-scholars--unique individuals who can function intelligently in…