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Neslihan Yondemir Çaliskan; Emine Sendurur – Educational Technology Research and Development, 2025
Based on the assumptions of cognitive load theory, this study aims to utilize the eye movement data collected from multiple experts to scaffold novice graphic designers. The study has two main stages. In the first stage, eye tracking was used to record the eye movements of 7 experts, who covered eight topics explaining how to use Photoshop. The…
Descriptors: Eye Movements, Novices, Expertise, Guidance
Yang, Xiaomeng; Wang, Fuxing; Mayer, Richard E.; Hu, Xiangen; Gu, Chuanhua – Journal of Educational Psychology, 2023
The spatial contiguity principle is that people learn and perform better when corresponding printed text and graphics are placed near rather than far from each other on the screen or page. This is a well-established design principle in multimedia learning. However, there is insufficient research to establish the appropriate distance between text…
Descriptors: Spatial Ability, Eye Movements, Multimedia Materials, Visual Perception
Laura Galeano; Gustaf Gredebäck – Cognitive Science, 2024
We investigated the relations between self-reported math anxiety, task difficulty, and pupil dilation in adults and very young children during math tasks of varying difficulty levels. While task difficulty significantly influenced pupillary responses in both groups, the association between self-reported math anxiety and pupil dilation differed…
Descriptors: Mathematics Anxiety, Difficulty Level, Task Analysis, Eye Movements
Mutlu-Bayraktar, Duygu; Ozel, Pinar; Altindis, Fatih; Yilmaz, Bulent – Interactive Learning Environments, 2023
The aim of this study is to compare subjective and objective cognitive load measurements in a multimedia learning environment. For this purpose, 20 university students studied in multimedia environments designed by researchers during which eye movements and multichannel electroencephalography (EEG) signals were recorded. Self-report ratings were…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Multimedia Instruction, Eye Movements
Kelsey J. MacKay; Filip Germeys; Wim Van Dooren; Lieven Verschaffel; Koen Luwel – Educational Studies in Mathematics, 2025
Rational numbers, such as fractions and decimals, are harder to understand than natural numbers. Moreover, individuals struggle with fractions more than with decimals. The present study sought to disentangle the extent to which two potential sources of difficulty affect secondary-school students' numerical magnitude understanding: number type…
Descriptors: Number Concepts, Numeracy, Secondary School Mathematics, Secondary School Students
Qingchuan Li; Yan Luximon; Jiaxin Zhang; Yao Song – British Journal of Educational Technology, 2024
Although the utilization of mobile technologies has recently emerged in various educational settings, limited research has focused on cognitive load detection in the pen-based learning process. This research conducted two experimental studies to investigate what and how multimodal data can be used to measure and classify learners' real-time…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Electronic Learning, Handwriting
Tzu-Hua Wang; Chien-Hui Kao – Mind, Brain, and Education, 2024
Studies have demonstrated that task-evoked pupillary responses (TEPRs) can be adopted to measure the examinee's cognitive load. This study compared three approaches for the measurement of TEPRs, mean pupil diameter, mean pupil dilation, and mean percentage of pupil dilation, to determine the best-fit measuring method. The valid participants of…
Descriptors: Eye Movements, Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Mathematics Education
Fatma Bayrambas; Emine Sendurur – Education and Information Technologies, 2024
Incidental learning is a type of informal learning occurring consciously with unintentional acts. Within the scope of this study, informal learning on a digital learning platform was examined in the context of cognitive load. The current study investigated the changes in incidental learning within two different scenarios: extraneous irrelevant…
Descriptors: Incidental Learning, Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Biofeedback
Lishan Zhang; Lili Liu; Shuwen Wang; Min Xu; Sixv Zhang; Yun Tang – Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2025
Background: Collaborative reading can facilitate students' understanding of complex learning materials. High-quality annotations provided by peer learners are essential for successful collaborative reading. However, it remains to be understood how annotation quality affects reading comprehension. Objectives: A simulated collaborative reading…
Descriptors: Educational Quality, Documentation, Reading Processes, Eye Movements
Yi Zhang; Ke Xu; Yun Pan; Zhongling Pi; Jiumin Yang – Active Learning in Higher Education, 2025
The current study investigated the effects of segmentation design and drawing on college students' video learning. Participants were 158 college students randomly assigned to view either a segmented or continuous video lecture (video type: segmented vs continuous) and who either received instructed to draw while learning or no instructions at all…
Descriptors: College Students, Video Technology, Lecture Method, Eye Movements
Adrian Urbano; Michael Mortimer; Ben Horan; Hans Stefan; Kaja Antlej – Journal of Workplace Learning, 2024
Purpose: The ability to measure cognitive load in the workplace provides several opportunities to improve workplace learning. In recent years, virtual reality (VR) has seen an increase in use for training and learning applications due to improvements in technology and reduced costs. This study aims to focus on the use of simulation task load index…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Computer Simulation, Evaluation Methods
Meier, Julius; Jong, Bastian; Montfort, Dorien Preusterink; Verdonschot, Anouk; Wermeskerken, Margot; Gog, Tamara – Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2023
Background: There are only few guidelines on how instructional videos should be designed to optimize learning. Recently, the effects of social cues on attention allocation and learning in instructional videos have been investigated. Due to inconsistent results, it has been suggested that the visual complexity of a video influences the effect of…
Descriptors: Video Technology, Cues, Attention, Social Influences
Yuko Suzuki; Fridolin Wild; Eileen Scanlon – Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2024
Background: Cognitive load during AR use has been measured conventionally by performance tests and subjective rating. With the growing interest in physiological measurement using non-invasive biometric sensors, unbiased real-time detection of cognitive load in AR is expected. However, a range of sensors and parameters are used in various subject…
Descriptors: Computer Simulation, Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Physiology
Jian, Yu-Cin – Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 2022
This study used eye-movement tracking to investigate how students engage with the learning process of reading science articles with or without hands-on manipulation of a pulley system and their influences on learning outcomes. This experiment used a 2 (reading easy or difficult articles) × 2 (with or without hands-on manipulation) between-subject…
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, Undergraduate Students, Eye Movements, Hands on Science
Aalioui, Lockman; Gouzi, Fares; Tricot, André – Advances in Physiology Education, 2022
Lectures constitute a basic component of physiology instruction in scientific and healthcare curricula. Technological progress has allowed a switch from face to face to video lectures, yet there is no evidence of video efficacy in physiology. Because videos increase the cognitive load during a learning task, identifying tools that decrease…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Video Technology, Lecture Method