College students learned artificial grammar under two conditions: paired associate learning (PA), and observation of exemplars (OBS). OBS induced abstract representation of the rules of grammar. PA produced very different learning--subjects knew some whole items but detected little structure. Grammar was learned largely by analogy rather than…

The Chinese language has long been regarded, mostly by historians and philosophers, as an inadequate vehicle for developing science. This is because the Chinese have developed only correlational logic, analogical thought and relational thinking, which are inappropriate to science. The cause is said to be the structure of Chinese, specifically: (1)…

In the first section a sketch of a tense logic is presented and a mechanism is suggested for including aspects of the tense logic into the Grammar (theory of language). Specifically, several grammatical structures are shown to incorporate temporal features. A semantic projection mechanism is utilized to amalgamate the temporal features in elements…