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Xiaoxiao Liu; Okan Bulut; Ying Cui; Yizhu Gao – Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2025
Background: Process data captured by computer-based assessments provide valuable insight into respondents' cognitive processes during problem-solving tasks. Although previous studies have utilized process data to analyse behavioural patterns or strategies in problem-solving tasks, the connection between latent cognitive states and their…
Descriptors: Adults, Problem Solving, Markov Processes, Network Analysis
Problem-Solving Support and Instructional Sequence: Impact on Cognitive Load and Student Performance
Jamie Costley; Anna Gorbunova; Matthew Courtney; Ouhao Chen; Christopher Lange – European Journal of Psychology of Education, 2024
In terms of instructional sequencing and cognitive load research, it remains unclear what effect different instructional sequences have on cognitive load and how to use problem-solving support within instructional sequences to reduce cognitive load. The current study examines how instructional sequencing and problem-solving support interact with…
Descriptors: Problem Solving, Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Academic Achievement
Zeynep Ayvaz-Tuncel; Özden Demir – International Journal on Social and Education Sciences, 2024
Pre-service teachers' metacognitive and problem-solving skills are highly important in the process of becoming effective teachers for providing their students with guided learning support. Determination of these two higher-order thinking processes and skills and investigation of the relationship between them is very important for enabling…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Metacognition, Problem Solving
Felix Krieglstein; Maik Beege; Lukas Wesenberg; Günter Daniel Rey; Sascha Schneider – Educational Psychology Review, 2025
In research practice, it is common to measure cognitive load after learning using self-report scales. This approach can be considered risky because it is unclear on what basis learners assess cognitive load, particularly when the learning material contains varying levels of complexity. This raises questions that have yet to be answered by…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Instructional Materials, Problem Solving
Yoonhee Shin; Jaewon Jung; Seohyun Choi; Bokmoon Jung – Education and Information Technologies, 2025
This study investigates the effects of metacognitive and cognitive strategies for computational thinking (CT) on managing cognitive load and enhancing problem-solving skills in collaborative programming. Four different scaffolding conditions were provided to help learners optimize cognitive load and improve their problem-solving abilities. A total…
Descriptors: Scaffolding (Teaching Technique), Mental Computation, Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level
Toukiloglou, Pavlos; Xinogalos, Stelios – Journal of Educational Computing Research, 2023
Serious games are a growing field in academic research and they are considered an effective tool for education. Game-based learning invokes motivation and engagement in students resulting in effective instructional outcomes. An essential aspect of a serious game is the method of support for presenting the teaching material and providing feedback.…
Descriptors: Educational Games, Programming, Sequential Learning, Cognitive Processes
Feyza Kurban – Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 2024
This study explores how pre-service mathematics teachers' spatial visualisation skills evolved during a Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) based education. The study used the qualitative theory-testing case study method, which guided the identification of participants, the design of technology-supported education, and the data collection and analysis…
Descriptors: Preservice Teachers, Mathematics Teachers, Spatial Ability, Visualization
Ngu, Bing Hiong; Phan, Huy P. – European Journal of Psychology of Education, 2023
The design principles of cognitive load theory and learning by analogy has independently contributed to our understanding why an instruction will or will not work. In an experimental study involving 97 Year 9 Australian students conducted in regular classrooms, we evaluated the effect of the unguided problem-solving approach, worked examples…
Descriptors: Instructional Effectiveness, Problem Solving, Mathematics Skills, Trigonometry
Lee, Carol D. – Reading Teacher, 2023
This paper pushes beyond current debates over what is being called the science of reading to articulate a multidimensional complex conception of what is entailed in reading comprehension. Reading comprehension entails not only cognitive processes, but equally important is how issues of identity along multiple dimensions, perceptions of tasks and…
Descriptors: Reading Comprehension, Reading Instruction, Elementary Secondary Education, Cognitive Processes
Xiaoming Zhai; Matthew Nyaaba; Wenchao Ma – Science & Education, 2025
This study aimed to examine an assumption regarding whether generative artificial intelligence (GAI) tools can overcome the cognitive intensity that humans suffer when solving problems. We examine the performance of ChatGPT and GPT-4 on NAEP science assessments and compare their performance to students by cognitive demands of the items. Fifty-four…
Descriptors: Artificial Intelligence, National Competency Tests, Elementary Secondary Education, Problem Solving
Renske Weeda; Sjaak Smetsers; Erik Barendsen – Computer Science Education, 2024
Background and Context: Multiple studies report that experienced instructors lack consensus on the difficulty of programming tasks for novices. However, adequately gauging task difficulty is needed for alignment: to select and structure tasks in order to assess what students can and cannot do. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine…
Descriptors: Novices, Coding, Programming, Computer Science Education
Julius Meier; Peter Hesse; Stephan Abele; Alexander Renkl; Inga Glogger-Frey – Instructional Science: An International Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2024
Self-explanation prompts in example-based learning are usually directed backwards: Learners are required to self-explain problem-solving steps just presented ("retrospective" prompts). However, it might also help to self-explain upcoming steps ("anticipatory" prompts). The effects of the prompt type may differ for learners with…
Descriptors: Problem Based Learning, Problem Solving, Prompting, Models
Lea Nemeth; Frank Lipowsky – European Journal of Psychology of Education, 2024
Interleaved practice combined with comparison prompts can better foster students' adaptive use of subtraction strategies compared to blocked practice. It has not been previously investigated whether all students benefit equally from these teaching approaches. While interleaving subtraction tasks prompts students' attention to the different task…
Descriptors: Prior Learning, Subtraction, Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level
Tzu-Hua Wang; Chien-Hui Kao – Mind, Brain, and Education, 2024
Studies have demonstrated that task-evoked pupillary responses (TEPRs) can be adopted to measure the examinee's cognitive load. This study compared three approaches for the measurement of TEPRs, mean pupil diameter, mean pupil dilation, and mean percentage of pupil dilation, to determine the best-fit measuring method. The valid participants of…
Descriptors: Eye Movements, Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Mathematics Education
Weatherford, Dawn R.; Esparza, Lemira V.; Tedder, Laura J.; Smith, Olivia K. H. – Journal of Creative Behavior, 2021
Functional fixedness involves difficulty with conceptualizing creative object uses. When it obstructs problem-solving, individuals must reframe their approach. We examined how different training techniques--chunk decomposition (i.e., considering an object's basic parts and physical properties) and constraint relaxation (i.e., considering an…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level, Creativity, Problem Solving