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Julius Meier; Peter Hesse; Stephan Abele; Alexander Renkl; Inga Glogger-Frey – Instructional Science: An International Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2024
Self-explanation prompts in example-based learning are usually directed backwards: Learners are required to self-explain problem-solving steps just presented ("retrospective" prompts). However, it might also help to self-explain upcoming steps ("anticipatory" prompts). The effects of the prompt type may differ for learners with…
Descriptors: Problem Based Learning, Problem Solving, Prompting, Models
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Hoogerheide, Vincent; Roelle, Julian – Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2020
Decades of research has shown that example-based learning is an effective instructional strategy for learning new skills. The field of learning from examples is seeing a shift in focus towards more innovative and use-inspired research, in part because the use of examples for informal and formal learning purposes has mushroomed. This special issue…
Descriptors: Observational Learning, Problem Solving, Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level
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Robertson, Sydney Ian – Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 2014
Students in tertiary education are often faced with the prospect of writing an essay on a topic they know nothing about in advance. In distance learning institutions, essays are a common method of assessment in the UK, and specified course texts remain the main sources of information the students have. How do students use a source text to…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Distance Education, Essays, Writing (Composition)
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Cooper, Jeffrey C.; Dunne, Simon; Furey, Teresa; O'Doherty, John P. – Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2012
The dorsal striatum plays a key role in the learning and expression of instrumental reward associations that are acquired through direct experience. However, not all learning about instrumental actions require direct experience. Instead, humans and other animals are also capable of acquiring instrumental actions by observing the experiences of…
Descriptors: Video Technology, Operant Conditioning, Observational Learning, Prediction
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Wouters, Pieter; Paas, Fred; van Merrienboer, Jeroen J. G. – Review of Educational Research, 2008
Animated models explicate the procedure to solve a problem, as well as the rationale behind this procedure. For abstract cognitive processes, animations might be beneficial, especially when a supportive pedagogical agent provides explanations. This article argues that animated models can be an effective instructional method, provided that they are…
Descriptors: Animation, Design Requirements, Guidelines, Cognitive Processes
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Swartz, Robert J. – Educational Leadership, 1986
Discusses certain teachers' rejection of prepackaged curricula for infusion of critical thinking skills into their teaching. Observational learning develops thinking skills and deepens understanding of causality and responsibility, whether the context is the Battle of Lexington or Chicken Little's dilemma. Strong administrative support is needed…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Critical Thinking, Curriculum Development, Elementary Secondary Education
Hull, Kristine F.; Fedje, Cheryl G. – Illinois Teacher of Home Economics, 1985
The authors discuss activities that help mentally handicapped adults emphasize thinking processes: observation questions, impact chart, solving a puzzling situation, and use of examples/nonexamples. The authors stress use of simple concepts, concrete objects, and realistic situations in developing intellectual skills. (CT)
Descriptors: Adult Education, Behavior Modification, Classification, Cognitive Processes
Uzgiris, Ina C. – 1977
This paper describes seven interrelated studies concerned with children's understanding of sequential actions and with the effects of observing a model on this understanding. A total of 546 elementary and secondary school students served as subjects for the studies. The tasks for all of the studies involved deriving the pattern for a sequence from…
Descriptors: Age Differences, Cognitive Development, Cognitive Processes, Difficulty Level
Leary, Mark R.; And Others – 1985
A self-report scale was constructed and validated that measures individual differences in objectivism--the tendency to base one's judgments and beliefs upon empirical information and rational considerations. Validity data showed that, compared to people who score low on the Objectivism Scale, highly objective individuals enjoy thinking more, rely…
Descriptors: Beliefs, Cognitive Ability, Cognitive Development, Cognitive Processes