Considerable research suggests a link between mind wandering and diminished levels of motivation and interest. During episodes of mind wandering, individuals may engage in efforts to redirect their attention back to the task at hand (known as focus back effort). Building on the resource-control hypothesis, we hypothesized that the influence of…

This study tested the notion that the impact of clarity (i.e., structure) on learning is indirect and occurs, in part, through the reduction of cognitive load and subsequently through students' motivation to process instructional information. Two hundred fifty-two students were randomly assigned to one of two text-based lessons (clear or unclear)…

This study evaluated the effect of using AR technology to develop environmental literacy (RQ1), motivation (RQ2), and perceived cognitive load (RQ3) among high school students. The sample of participants in this study included 155 10th -grade students in general education. They took a semester-long Natural Resource Ecology course. The participants…

Color has been investigated as a signaling cue in multimedia learning environments, guiding the learner's attention and as an emotional design element, increasing the learner's motivation and, thus, improving learning outcomes. Retrieval cues (e.g., visual cues, odor, sound) facilitating memory retrieval have been primarily investigated in…

Whiteboard animations have become very popular in recent years. They are mainly used in distance education, where learners can acquire knowledge individually and without the help of a teacher. However, there is little empirical evidence on how whiteboard animations should be designed to achieve learning-enhancing effects. Since the presentation of…

To promote computational thinking in mathematics education, Scratch is used to foster students' computational thinking and mathematical understanding. However, students face challenges in block-based programming environments, such as having low motivation, high anxiety, and cognitive loads. This study combined the pedagogical values of Geogebra…

The purpose of the study was to investigate (a) whether the effects of hand tracing and whole-body tracing reported in the literature could be extended to adults, and (b) the relative superiority of whole-body tracing over hand tracing. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the potential effects of these two kinesthetic approaches on…

For nearly two decades, augmented reality (AR) has found diverse applications in education, particularly in science education, where its efficacy has been supported by relevant theories and many empirical studies. However, previous studies have revealed the following research deficit: While AR technology appears to influence learning-related…

Although instructional videos with on-screen instructors have become prevalent in various learning contexts, their effect has been questioned because of mixed findings in the literature. This meta-analysis study aimed to elucidate the overall effect of instructor-present videos on learning, cognitive load, motivation, and social presence and to…

With the developments in digital technologies, the increase in the amount of accessible information and the multimedia concept, it has become necessary to present complex information in a simplified manner. Along with this requirement, one of the current concepts that draw attention within the scope of multimedia concept is the infographic. The…

This study aimed to understand the role of load reduction instruction (LRI), a framework of instructional strategies designed to reduce cognitive load, and its association with motivation, engagement, and learning outcomes in mathematics. We examined data from 221 students from 39 classrooms and tested a hypothesised longitudinal multilevel model.…

In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of integrating ultrasound into undergraduate medical curricula. However, empirical evidence is lacking as to its effect on anatomy learning and related student cognition. Therefore, the present study compared the impact of echocardiography-based instruction with narrated…

This study aims to make a bibliometric analysis of the augmented reality articles carried out with the experimental method between 2012 and 2022 in the Scopus database. To realize the aim of the research, 255 articles published between 2012-2022 were reached. The bibliometric data of 255 articles from the Scopus database were analyzed using VOS…

Cognitive load is the effort needed to process and store information in memory and can be measured via subjective, physiological, and performance methods. Virtual reality learning environments (VRLEs) enhance science aptitude and motivate students to pursue science careers. Cognitive load is divided into three types: intrinsic, extraneous, and…

This study developed a VR-based mobile learning system to simulate the natural environment of a geopark for university students to learn geological knowledge. This learning method used a Google cardboard equipped with smartphones, where students can watch stereoscopic scenes and experience virtual environments as if visiting the geopark. In order…