The article discusses two important influences of B. F. Skinner, and later workers in the behavior-analytic tradition, on the study of animal timing. The first influence is methodological, and is traced from the invention of schedules imposing temporal constraints or periodicities on animals in "The Behavior of Organisms," through the rate…

When behavior suggests that the value of a reinforcer depends inversely on the value of the events that precede or follow it, the behavior has been described as a "contrast" effect. Three major forms of contrast have been studied: "incentive contrast," in which a downward (or upward) shift in the magnitude of reinforcement produces a relatively…

Entrepreneurship is a major source of employment, economic growth, and innovation, promoting product and service quality, competition, and economic flexibility. It is also a mechanism by which many people enter the society's economic and social mainstream, aiding culture formation, population integration, and social mobility. This article aims to…

Background: Accumulating evidence indicates that prenatal maternal and fetal processes can have a lasting influence on infant and child development. Results from animal models indicate that prenatal exposure to maternal stress and stress hormones has lasting consequences for development of the offspring. Few prospective studies of human pregnancy…

In this article the author attempted to understand the relationship between John B. Watson's personal conflicts with the fundamentalist religious culture in which he was reared and his development of a particular psychological paradigm and experimental practice, the theory and research of behaviorism. (Author/RK)

This study investigates the hypotheses that (a) the creation of new experience in cognitive functioning involves increased differentiation and integration of meaning and (b) self-actualization involves the tendency to engage in a mode of cognitive processing that creates new experience. (Author)

Two studies investigated preschool children's comprehension of the missing subject of infinitival complement clauses. In the first study, use of a Surface Structure Minimal Distance principle of the type outlined by C. Chomsky was distinguished from use of a Semantic Role Principle. Preschoolers acted out sentences in which the use of the two…

Reviews the present status of cognitive theories in social psychology and summarizes major findings in the domain of attitude change. (Author)

Much research in the field of moral behaviour is vitiated by the prevalence among researchers of a behaviouristic conception of motivation which ignores the importance of reasons in guiding behaviour. Its is argued that this neglect is dangerous and that researchers must take more account of them if their work is to have real relevance for moral…

This response to AA 514 433 argues that the antithesis between reason and cause is not as sharp among experimental psychologists as John Wilson supposes. (Editor)

Investigation of the learning process has led to many theories and some systematic knowledge. The question of how to design instruction to promote effective learning and the subsidiary question of the behavioral controls involved are examined in the light of known facts about the major categories of learned capabilities. (Author/TS)

The hypothesis of less direct interaction between hemispheres in young children was supported by a behavioral test. Fabric samples were compared with either the same hand (same hemisphere) or with opposite hands (between spheres). (Author/HM)