Compared verbal and visual encoding using the picture superiority effect. One experiment found an interaction between age and type of material. In other experiments, the picture superiority effect was found in both age groups with no interaction. Performing a semantic-orienting task had no effect on recall. (Author/RC)

In these choice response keyboard tasks, older subjects detected and corrected their errors as efficiently as the young. Reaction time (RT) for error and error correction responses remained relatively constant with increasing age while RTs for correct responses and other, arbitrary, error-signaling responses markedly increased. (Author/SJL)

Aspects of daydreaming and associated mental activity were examined for sex differences in well-educated middle class Whites aged 17 to 92 years. Females reported daydreams of a problem solving nature, and lower levels of daydreams of a sexual, bizarre-improbable, heroic and achievement-oriented nature. Daydreaming contents decreased with age.…

Employs a clinical interview methodology to examine some of the creative thinking strategies commonly used by children in elementary school grades. Results suggest that children use several strategies on creativity tasks. (RH)

Examines the nature of the cognitive coding processes operating both during and following exposure to modeled behavior and the contributions of these processes to recall of the behavior in four- and seven-year-old children. (Author/MP)

Investigates immanent justice decisions in 72 children at three grade levels (kindergarten, second, and fourth). The children were asked to evaluate behavior-accidental event sequences that represented all possible combinations of good or bad prior behavior followed by a lucky or unlucky event. (SS)

Six motion projections were presented to first graders, seventh graders, and college students (N=72) in order to determine whether children can utilize the same motion parallax information as can adults. (MP)

Sixteen four year olds and 16 six year olds were shown four picture stories consisting of 15 to 18 pictures without text, in order to examine children's comprehension and memory for stories. (MP)

Focuses on the development of the executive monitoring function and addresses the question of whether a rehearsal strategy is used on two different tasks where such use is appropriate. Subjects were elementary and secondary school children and adults. (MP)

Three levels of mathematical concepts and three theoretically corresponding levels of cognitive development were posited. Children's test results were consistent with predictions for each age group, leading to the conclusion that, for concept attainment at each level, a minimum information-processing capacity is a necessary, but not sufficient,…

Examines the duration of visual persistence and the relative processing rate in poor and normal readers. Subjects were 48 males aged 7 to 13 years. (MP)

Examined the effect of heart rate and behavioral measures of attention on infants' distractibility. Found longer distraction latencies during attentional engagement as defined by heart rate changes or behavior than for inattentive periods. Infants had longest distraction latencies when heart rate and behavior measures both indicated engagement.…

Three studies used illustrated stories to examine preschoolers' understanding of emotional changes when memories of past events were cued by objects in the current environment. Found substantial development between 4 and 6 years in understanding the influence of mental activity on emotions. The strength and consistency of this knowledge was…

Errors in naming pictures were studied for 12 children followed from age 15 months to 22 months and for 60 children of similar ages at three different levels of vocabulary development. An increase in naming errors was found with sudden increases in productive vocabulary, suggesting interference from previously retrieved words. (SLD)

Examined bias in reasoning in adults and in children, ages five through nine years, by presenting story or videotape true/false messages. Found that adults made judgments contaminated by their own background knowledge abut the believability of the message more frequently than did children. (ET)