In today's digital milieu, characterized by pervasive media exposure, the intricate interplay between individual differences and cognitive processes has garnered significant scholarly interest. A notable facet of this interrelation pertains to the nexus between cognitive flexibility and individuals' engagement with online information. Recognized…

Critical thinking and strategic processing have become ubiquitous both in the educational research literature as well as practice. However, neither of these constructs has had commonly agreed upon definitions or common agreement on how they relate to each other. This review first lays the conceptual stage for how these constructs have been defined…

Metacognition, or having an awareness of one's thought processes, is an integral part of learning. Fostering metacognitive abilities enhances self-awareness and the ability of learners to engage with complexity. Metacognition underscores all aspects of leadership learning, including knowledge, development, training, observation, and engagement.…

Previous publications used the term critical thinking (CT) skills and critical thinking practice interchangeably. This article describes the difference between them, defining skills as prerequisite abilities, while practices as real activities. People may have skills, but they do not always use them in everyday life. The question is what triggers…

Unlike other technologies that augment human physical skills and abilities, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies interact with human thinking skills nurtured through various educational processes. Hence, advances in these technologies challenge the education sector to reimagine the suitable intellectual formation of students in the AI age. It…

Critical thinking (CT) is widely recognised as a core competency in 21st-century higher education, particularly within English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning contexts. This study examines the extent to which motivation and engagement contribute to the development of CT skills among Chinese EFL university students. A sample of 626…

The authors examined the influence of study-abroad participation on the cognitive development of students across 17 institutions. Even after adjusting for several important potential confounding influences such as student precollege characteristics, college academic and nonacademic experiences, study-abroad intent, and a pretest measure for each…

Our purpose in this article is to forward a narrative of valued thinking in education--a narrative that has long been strongly influenced by Western philosophy and scientific psychology. Specifically, we begin by examining the philosophical forebearers of valued thinking, including theories such as rationalism, empiricism, and pragmatism. We…

Metacognitive reading strategies represent a goal-driven system that plays a role in critical thinking verbal tasks in students. Research reveals that greater attentional focus and use of executive functions is associated with lower trait anxiety, and better verbal reasoning. However, high verbal reasoning is also positively associated with trait…

Critical thinking is a fundamental competence in 21st-century education, particularly in mathematics, where students frequently encounter contradictory information that requires logical reasoning and reflective judgment. This study explores the stages of critical thinking among junior high school students when solving contradictory mathematical…

As artificial intelligence and natural language processing methods rapidly develop, communication plays a pivotal role in every-day interactions. In this theoretical paper, we explore the overlap and commonalities between question-asking and prompt engineering. While seemingly distinct, these processes share a common foundation in essential skills…

While some engineering students develop proper critical thinking skills, most engineering students do not. Engineers must critically think to tackle various problems on the job, but many schools do not properly instill critical thinking in engineering students. With engineers working on multiple tasks in little time, a knowledge of critical…

Studies showed that fear of negative evaluation of students may affect their academic motivation. However, which variables mediate between academic motivation and fear of negative evaluation is unclear. This study aims to explore the mediating role of cognitive flexibility and critical thinking in the relationship between academic motivation and…

Field studies are defined here as any study of the natural world that occurs beyond classrooms. There is rising concern for the future of field studies in Earth and Environmental Sciences in Higher Education, despite being core to environmental inquiry, as cost-cutting across the sector was intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper reviews…

Across three separate investigations, this dissertation documents work examining the role of higher-order processes and cognitive effort during the top-down compensatory repair of degraded speech, specifically perceptual restoration. Perceptual restoration is a phenomenon where a listener can perceptually restore or repair speech…