As Title IX recently celebrated its 50th anniversary, there are still looming debates centered around compliance with federal policy, inequalities in collegiate athletics, and approaches to alleviate such issues at hand. While previous scholars have examined inequalities between men's and women's programs in collegiate athletics, few have asked…

Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in educational programs that receive federal financial assistance, including college athletics programs. Education's Office for Civil Rights (OCR) is responsible for enforcing Title IX by investigating complaints, negotiating agreements with colleges to address concerns, and monitoring agreements. US…

NCAA athletic administrators and department personnel do not understand the three-prong test for Title IX compliance and incorrectly rely on proportionality as the only means to satisfy Title IX compliance. The inaccurate reliance, solely on proportionality, creates missed opportunities to satisfy Title IX law by adding varsity sports to an NCAA…

From the chaos of 2020 arose many social conversations, among which were the legal rights of gay and transgender Americans. Landmark cases established precedents for potential legislation and reform regarding the transgender community. One particular issue is that of transgender athletes in college sports. While many are in staunch opposition to a…

Title IX is often viewed as vague and contentious, causing scholars and practitioners much grief in understanding and enforcing the legislation, particularly regarding the rights and experiences of trans students. This manuscript offers a new conceptual framework to assist scholars and practitioners in recognizing how two factors, ambiguity and…

Title IX of the Education Amendments Act was signed into law on June 23, 1972. The goal of the legislation which was signed into law by President Nixon was to correct shortcomings of the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964 that allowed for equal access to education opportunities for individuals regardless of race, religion or national origin. The…

This multiple case study analyzes institutional responses to sex and gender bias incidents in student athletics programs and messaging around inclusion and antidiscrimination between 2015 and 2019. This study seeks to uncover, understand, and work to transform the embedded institutional values that harm sex and gender minority (SGM) students on…

Even though Title IX was enacted 46 years ago, countless universities continue to struggle with compliance, and do not provide equitable opportunities for women. The purpose of this qualitative study was to conduct an anonymous online survey of athletic staffs at each of the 14 Southeastern Conference schools and study ten years of data…

This case study provides the background for a discussion of the bankruptcy of a composite non-profit corporation under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code, and the possible alternatives available to bankruptcy. Topics considered include: reorganizations, the selection of a bankruptcy trustee or an examiner, duties of a non-profit board, the…

The literature existing for African American women in athletic leadership roles is extremely limited only because the number of women is also limited. The participation of female athletes has grown since the enactment of Title IX, and this growth has clearly created more opportunities for women. African American women remains underrepresented in…

Community college leaders would be hard pressed to find a federal statute that has had such a tremendous impact, yet is as widely misunderstood--even reviled--as Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Simply put, the law states that any educational program or activity receiving federal funding cannot discriminate on the basis of gender.…

In 1972, collegiate and K-12 institutions were introduced to thirty-seven words that changed the face of women's sports and sexual discrimination (Wulf, 2012). As outlined by the Office of Civil Rights (2017), Title IX is a federal law that states that "no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation…

Over the past decade, federal regulation of education under Title IX has been sucked into the impetuous vortex of partisan polarization. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits schools that receive federal funding from discriminating on the basis of sex. For decades, intercollegiate athletics was the main source of controversy.…

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is a federal law that prohibits sex discrimination in education (The United States Department of Justice, n.d.). Although Title IX was enacted over 45 years ago, college athletic departments remain non-compliant with the law (U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, 2016; Women's Law…

The representative bureaucracy theory posits that the passive representation of women in an organization leads to their active representation in terms of gender equity in policy implementation. The present study examines how women's representation in administration and faculty positions may explain gender equity-oriented policy outcomes, focusing…