Background: Attention has been paid to collaboration in digital game-based learning, as it fosters interaction and student engagement, thereby enhancing learning outcomes. Previous findings about the effect of collaboration in digital game-based learning were inconsistent, and few studies have explored the underlying mechanisms, particularly…

Learners in the higher education context who engage with computer-based gamified learning systems often experience the novelty effect: a pattern of high activity during the gamified system's introduction followed by a drop in activity a few weeks later, once its novelty has worn off. We applied a two-tiered motivational, online gamified learning…

Background: Performance goal orientations are influential motivational factors for predicting learning performance. However, a lack of attention has been paid to investigating the effects of performance goal orientations on learning performance and in-game performance in the context of digital game-based learning. Objectives: This study…