Students usually procrastinate, which might increase anxiety levels and decrease test scores. Previous studies used between-groups comparisons to explore ways to deter procrastination, a design that did not allow analyses of individual procrastination patterns. In the present two studies, college students' individual self-regulation and…

Although there are clear practical benefits to using online exams compared to in-class exams (e.g., reduced cost, increased scalability, flexible scheduling), the results of previous studies provide mixed evidence for the effectiveness of online testing. This uncertainty may discourage instructors from using online testing. To further investigate…