Cross-cultural sex differences in achievement and career motivation of 432 Iranian and U.S. high school and college students were obtained by a multiple level generalizability perspective. The independent variables were culture, sex, age, family socialization, academic self-concept, home self-concept, social self-concept, perceived community…

This paper examines the role of parents and friends (reference groups) in forming college students' sex-role orientations. Emphasis is placed on the mother's domestic, parental, and achieved (professional/occupational) role and on the mother's modeling transmission effect on her daughter's and son's sex-role attitudes. The hypothesis is that…