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Caitlin R. Bowman; Dagmar Zeithamova – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
A major question for the study of learning and memory is how to tailor learning experiences to promote knowledge that generalizes to new situations. In two experiments, we used category learning as a representative domain to test two factors thought to influence the acquisition of conceptual knowledge: the number of training examples (set size)…
Descriptors: Classification, Learning Processes, Generalization, Recognition (Psychology)
Nosofsky, Robert M.; Meagher, Brian J.; Kumar, Parhesh – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
A classic issue in the cognitive psychology of human category learning has involved the contrast between exemplar and prototype models. However, experimental tests to distinguish the models have relied almost solely on use of artificially-constructed categories composed of simplified stimuli. Here we contrast the predictions from the models in a…
Descriptors: Cognitive Psychology, Natural Sciences, Experimental Psychology, Prediction
Stephens, Rachel G.; Kalish, Michael L. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Delayed feedback during categorization training has been hypothesized to differentially affect 2 systems that underlie learning for rule-based (RB) or information-integration (II) structures. We tested an alternative possibility: that II learning requires more precise item representations than RB learning, and so is harmed more by a delay interval…
Descriptors: Classification, Memory, Feedback (Response), Learning
Khaleel Mohammad Abdul-Ghafa, Abdul-Qader; Alrefaee, Yasser – Online Submission, 2019
This study investigated the relationship between language learning strategies and achievement among Yemeni EFL university students. It also identified the differences between high and low achievers in using language learning strategies. Seventy students were randomly selected from the fourth level on the basis of their university scores as high…
Descriptors: Correlation, Learning Strategies, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction
McDaniel, Mark A.; Cahill, Michael J.; Bugg, Julie M. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2016
How does orthographic distinctiveness affect recall of structured (categorized) word lists? On one theory, enhanced item-specific information (e.g., more distinct encoding) in concert with robust relational information (e.g., categorical information) optimally supports free recall. This predicts that for categorically structured lists,…
Descriptors: Experimental Psychology, Recall (Psychology), Word Lists, Cognitive Processes
Tu, Hsiao-Wei; Diana, Rachel A. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2016
In recognition memory, "recollection" is defined as retrieval of the context associated with an event, whereas "familiarity" is defined as retrieval based on item strength alone. Recent studies have shown that conventional recollection-based tasks, in which context details are manipulated for source memory assessment at test,…
Descriptors: Experimental Psychology, Memory, Recall (Psychology), Cognitive Processes
Giesen, Carina; Rothermund, Klaus – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2016
Stimulus-response (S-R) episodes are formed whenever a response is executed in close temporal proximity to a stimulus. Subsequent stimulus repetition will retrieve the episode from memory, reactivating the previous response. Whereas many research findings attest to the flexibility of representing stimulus features, only little is known about the…
Descriptors: Semantics, Motor Reactions, Task Analysis, Memory
Giesen, Carina; Rothermund, Klaus – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2014
Even an irrelevant distractor stimulus is integrated into event files. Subsequently repeating the distractor triggers retrieval of the event file; however, an unresolved issue concerns the question of "what" is retrieved by the distractor. While recent studies predominantly assume that the distractor retrieves the previous response, it…
Descriptors: Experimental Psychology, Interference (Learning), Responses, Priming
Jensen, Jamie L.; McDaniel, Mark A.; Woodard, Steven M.; Kummer, Tyler A. – Educational Psychology Review, 2014
In order to test the effect of exam-question level on fostering student conceptual understanding, low-level and high-level quizzes and exams were administered in two sections of an introductory biology course. Each section was taught in a high-level inquiry based style but was assigned either low-level questions (memory oriented) on the quizzes…
Descriptors: Test Coaching, Concept Formation, Thinking Skills, Introductory Courses
Walser, Moritz; Fischer, Rico; Goschke, Thomas – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2012
We used a newly developed experimental paradigm to investigate aftereffects of completed intentions on subsequent performance that required the maintenance and execution of new intentions. Participants performed an ongoing number categorization task and an additional prospective memory (PM) task, which required them to respond to PM cues that…
Descriptors: Intention, Memory, Classification, Cues
Bell, Raoul; Mieth, Laura; Buchner, Axel – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2015
Previous research has demonstrated that people preferentially remember reputational information that is emotionally incongruent to their expectations, but it has left open the question of the generality of this effect. Three conflicting hypotheses were proposed: (a) The effect is restricted to information relevant to reciprocal social exchange.…
Descriptors: Memory, Hypothesis Testing, Experimental Psychology, Effect Size
Kalish, Charles W.; Rogers, Timothy T.; Lang, Jonathan; Zhu, Xiaojin – Cognition, 2011
Three experiments with 88 college-aged participants explored how unlabeled experiences--learning episodes in which people encounter objects without information about their category membership--influence beliefs about category structure. Participants performed a simple one-dimensional categorization task in a brief supervised learning phase, then…
Descriptors: Supervision, Statistical Distributions, Classification, Beliefs
Weller, Peter D.; Anderson, Michael C.; Gómez-Ariza, Carlos J.; Bajo, M. Teresa – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2013
Retrieving memories can impair recall of other related traces. Items affected by this retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) are often less accessible when tested with independent probes, a characteristic known as cue independence. Cue independence has been interpreted as evidence for inhibitory mechanisms that suppress competing items during…
Descriptors: Recall (Psychology), Memory, Cues, Inhibition
Suzuki, Atsunobu; Honma, Yoshiko; Suga, Sayaka – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2013
Our ability to learn about the reputations of others--that is, who is likely to cooperate versus cheat--contributes greatly to cooperativeness in society. There has been recent debate whether humans employ memory bias favoring cheaters (i.e., there is an evolved module for the detection of cheaters) or whether no such bias exists (i.e., reputation…
Descriptors: Reputation, Cheating, Cooperation, Memory
Jakab, Emoke; Raaijmakers, Jeroen G. W. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2009
In 3 experiments, the role of item strength in the retrieval-induced forgetting paradigm was tested. According to the inhibition theory of forgetting proposed by M. C. Anderson, R. A. Bjork, and E. L. Bjork (1994), retrieval-induced forgetting should be larger for items that are more strongly associated with the category cue. In the present…
Descriptors: Memory, Inhibition, Prediction, Cues