Refutation texts have been shown to be effective at promoting knowledge revision. It has been suggested that refutation texts are most effective when the misconception and the correct information are co-activated and integrated with causal networks that support the correct information. We explored two augmentations to a refutation text that might…

In recent years, with the influence of the constructivist perspective, the examination of students' own attitudes to learning processes have become important. Students' perception of the world, and their explanation of their learning experiences shapes their learning needs in the future. Therefore, it will be helpful for instructors to learn how…

What are the consequences of calling things by their names? Six experiments investigated how classifying familiar objects with basic-level names (chairs, tables, and lamps) affected recognition memory. Memory was found to be worse for items that were overtly classified with the category name--as reflected by lower hit rates--compared with items…