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The Multiple Deficit Model: Progress, Problems, and Prospects
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McGrath, Lauren M.; Peterson, Robin L.; Pennington, Bruce F. – Scientific Studies of Reading, 2020
The multiple deficit model (MDM) was proposed because the prevailing single deficit model provided an inadequate account of atypical neuropsychological development. Across methods and levels of analysis, there has been support for the two fundamental tenets of the MDM, that multiple predictors contribute probabilistically to neurodevelopmental…
Descriptors: Models, Individual Development, Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Comorbidity
Understanding Comorbidity between Specific Learning Disabilities
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Willcutt, Erik G.; McGrath, Lauren M.; Pennington, Bruce F.; Keenan, Janice M.; DeFries, John C.; Olson, Richard K.; Wadsworth, Sally J. – New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2019
Current definitions of specific learning disability (SLD) identify a heterogeneous population that includes individuals with weaknesses in reading, math, or writing, and these academic difficulties often co-occur in many of the same individuals. The Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center (CLDRC) is an interdisciplinary, multisite research…
Descriptors: Comorbidity, Learning Disabilities, Twins, Reading Difficulties
Explaining the Sex Difference in Dyslexia
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Arnett, Anne B.; Pennington, Bruce F.; Peterson, Robin L.; Willcutt, Erik G.; DeFries, John C.; Olson, Richard K. – Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2017
Background: Males are diagnosed with dyslexia more frequently than females, even in epidemiological samples. This may be explained by greater variance in males' reading performance. Methods: We expand on previous research by rigorously testing the variance difference theory, and testing for mediation of the sex difference by cognitive correlates.…
Descriptors: Dyslexia, Gender Differences, Reading Difficulties, Cognitive Processes
Understanding the Comorbidity between Dyslexia and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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Boada, Richard; Willcutt, Erik G.; Pennington, Bruce F. – Topics in Language Disorders, 2012
Dyslexia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are 2 of the most prevalent complex neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood, each affecting approximately 5% of the population in the United States. These disorders are also each comorbid with speech sound disorder and language impairment. Understanding the nature of the comorbidity…
Descriptors: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Dyslexia, Children, Comorbidity
Cognitive and Behavioral Indicators of ADHD Symptoms Prior to School Age
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Arnett, Anne Bernard; MacDonald, Beatriz; Pennington, Bruce F. – Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2013
Background: Previous research on the etiology of ADHD symptoms suggests that neuropsychological differences may be present as early as birth; however, the diagnosis is typically not given until school age. This study aimed to (a) identify early behavioral and cognitive markers of later significant parent and/or teacher ratings of ADHD…
Descriptors: Symptoms (Individual Disorders), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Effect Size, Neuropsychology
Comorbidity between Reading Disability and Math Disability: Concurrent Psychopathology, Functional Impairment, and Neuropsychological Functioning
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Willcutt, Erik G.; Petrill, Stephen A.; Wu, Sarah; Boada, Richard; DeFries, John C.; Olson, Richard K.; Pennington, Bruce F. – Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2013
Reading disability (RD) and math disability (MD) frequently co-occur, but the etiology of this comorbidity is not well understood. Groups with RD only (N = 241), MD only (N = 183), and RD + MD (N = 188) and a control group with neither disorder (N = 411) completed a battery of measures of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, social and…
Descriptors: Comorbidity, Reading Difficulties, Behavior Disorders, Psychopathology