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Yufan Zhao; Vahid Aryadoust – Language Testing, 2025
This study examined the semantic features of the simulated mini-lectures in the listening sections of the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) and the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) based on automatized semantic analysis to explore the content validity of the two tests. Two study corpora were utilized, the IELTS…
Descriptors: Semantics, Computational Linguistics, Academic Language, Second Language Learning
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Moradi, Sholeh; Ghahari, Shima; Abbas Nejad, Mohammad – Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 2020
Cognitive organizers (COs) are text aids which represent objects, concepts, and their relations by the use of symbols and spatial arrangements without adding to semantic content. The present study examines language learners' text comprehension through outlines, a popular CO, compared with text-only condition, and further investigates the effect of…
Descriptors: Multiple Intelligences, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, English (Second Language)
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Young, John W.; Morgan, Rick; Rybinski, Paul; Steinberg, Jonathan; Wang, Yuan – ETS Research Report Series, 2013
The "TOEFL Junior"® Standard Test is an assessment that measures the degree to which middle school-aged students learning English as a second language have attained proficiency in the academic and social English skills representative of English-medium instructional environments. The assessment measures skills in three areas: listening…
Descriptors: Item Response Theory, Test Items, Language Tests, Second Language Learning