Measurement invariance is crucial for making valid comparisons across different groups (Kline, 2016; Vandenberg, 2002). To address the challenges associated with invariance testing such as large sample size requirements, the complexity of the model, etc., applied researchers have incorporated parcels. Parcels have been shown to alleviate skewness,…

One of the primary methods of assessing institutional effectiveness is through the implementation of attitudinal surveys. In fall 1988 and fall 1989, surveys were administered to all employees of Cerritos College (CC) to examine employee attitudes about the institution and to collect demographic data about respondents. Among the 691 employees who…