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Download full textFulcher, Glenn; Svalberg, Agneta – International Journal of English Studies, 2013
Language testers operate within two frames of reference: norm-referenced (NRT) and criterion-referenced testing (CRT). The former underpins the world of large-scale standardized testing that prioritizes variability and comparison. The latter supports substantive score meaning in formative and domain specific assessment. Some claim that the…
Descriptors: Language Tests, Standardized Tests, Criterion Referenced Tests, Formative Evaluation
