Compares German and French preschool children's attitudes about school and literacy. Notes that French preschools aim to prepare children for primary education, whereas German preschools give priority to learning through play. Finds that children developed attitudes in line with their preschool system and that only French children from deprived…

Presents a continuation of previous research on a general development process consisting of successive levels in conceptualization. Explores how young children conceptualize the writing system. Considers both social background and preschool system of education. Concludes that teaching activities used in French nursery schools are less effective…