We consider estimating the effect of a treatment on a given outcome measured on subjects tested both before and after treatment assignment in observational studies. A vast literature compares the competing approaches of modelling the post-test score conditionally on the pre-test score versus modelling the difference, namely, the gain score. Our…

American higher education is under increasing pressure to demonstrate its effectiveness in enhancing student success and employability. Traditional metrics used by researchers and policymakers--such as time to degree completion, postgraduate employment, and income--have predominantly overlooked the diversity of student pathways during and after…

The effectiveness of teaching strategies in improving student achievement in mathematics has been a topic of ongoing research. In Kosovo, vocational schools, especially those with an economics focus, face challenges in student engagement and achievement in mathematics, particularly in solving contextual problems related to economics. This study…

Emotional experiences significantly affect students' health, learning outcomes, productivity, and social interactions. Therefore, investigating learners' emotional experiences in typical technology-related scenarios during the information age is crucial and meaningful. Utilizing assessment to bridge online and offline activities serves as a…

This paper compares direct measures of content knowledge for students studying Chemistry through English Medium Instruction (EMI) and Japanese Medium Instruction (JMI). It also examines a range of contextual differences between the two mediums of instruction. A total of 53 undergraduate students undertook pre-post course content tests at a…