Background: Large-scale cross-national studies designed to measure student achievement use different social, cultural, economic and other background variables to explain observed differences in that achievement. Prior to their inclusion into a prediction model, these variables are commonly scaled into latent background indices. To allow…

Purpose: Many educators have advocated constructivist-based pedagogies as a way to develop the skills needed in knowledge societies. However, many countries have a tradition of instructivist-based practices, which rely on didactic lectures, rote memorization and high-stakes exams. The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize the reactions to…

This study explored the validity of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale in a sample of 853 practicing teachers from Australia, Canada, China (Hong Kong), Indonesia, and Oman. The authors used multigroup confirmatory factor analysis to test the factor structure and measurement invariance across settings, after which they examined the relationships…