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Ulitzsch, Esther; Lüdtke, Oliver; Robitzsch, Alexander – Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 2023
Country differences in response styles (RS) may jeopardize cross-country comparability of Likert-type scales. When adjusting for rather than investigating RS is the primary goal, it seems advantageous to impose minimal assumptions on RS structures and leverage information from multiple scales for RS measurement. Using PISA 2015 background…
Descriptors: Response Style (Tests), Comparative Analysis, Achievement Tests, Foreign Countries