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The Comparative Effectiveness of Physical, Virtual, and Virtual-Physical Manipulatives on Third-Grade Students' Science Achievement and Conceptual Understanding of Evaporation and Condensation
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Wang, Tzu-Ling; Tseng, Yi-Kuan – International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 2018
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative effectiveness of experimenting with physical manipulatives alone, virtual manipulatives alone, and virtual preceding physical manipulatives (combination environment) on third-grade students' science achievement and conceptual understanding in the domain of state changes of water, focusing…
Descriptors: Manipulative Materials, Computer Simulation, Grade 3, Elementary School Students