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Immonen, Katja; Peltola, Kimmo U.; Tamminen, Henna; Alku, Paavo; Peltola, Maija S. – Second Language Research, 2023
Children are known to be fast learners due to their neural plasticity. Learning a non-native language (L2) requires the mastering of new production patterns. In classroom settings, learners are not only exposed to the acoustic input, but also to the unfamiliar grapheme-phoneme correspondences of the L2 orthography. We tested how 9-10-year-old…
Descriptors: Written Language, Second Language Learning, Acoustics, Linguistic Input
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Ivy, Lennette J.; Masterson, Julie J. – Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 2011
Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to compare the rates of using African American English (AAE) grammatical features in spoken and written language at different points in literacy development. Based on Kroll's model (1981), a high degree of similarity in use between the modalities was expected at Grade 3, and lower similarity was…
Descriptors: African American Students, Writing (Composition), Black Dialects, Grammar
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Zeman, Samuel S. – Reading Teacher, 1969
Descriptors: Age Grade Placement, Comparative Analysis, Grade 2, Grade 3