The present study is concerned with language contact between Creole English and Spanish spoken by bilingual West Indians who live in Panama City, Panama. The goal of this study is to examine the speech patterns of monolinguals of Creole English and Spanish and Spanish-Creole English bilinguals in the local communities of this region, by employing…

A 1978 theory of politeness based on the concept of "face" (public self-image) and proposed at the time as comprehensive and universal, is examined in the context of more recent research. The theory holds that everyone has both negative and positive face, both of which are threatened by another at times, and that individuals will choose…