One core question in studies of language processing is the extent to which interlocutors engage in real-time communicative perspective-taking. Current evidence suggests that both children and young adult listeners are able to draw on common ground (shared knowledge) to guide referential interpretation. However, less is known about older listeners,…

More than 20 percent of all school-aged children in the United States have vision problems, and low-income and minority children are disproportionately likely to have unmet vision care needs. Vision screening is common in U.S. schools, but it remains an open question whether screening alone is sufficient to improve student outcomes. We implemented…

In the typical human visual system, the macula allows for high visual resolution. Damage to this area from diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), causes the loss of central vision in the form of a central scotoma. Since no treatment is available to reverse AMD, providing low vision rehabilitation to compensate for the loss of…

Introduction: In addition to optical devices, closed-circuit televisions (CCTVs) and eccentric viewing training are both recognized interventions to improve reading performance in individuals with vision loss secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Both are relatively expensive, however, either in the cost of the device or in the amount of…

Early detection of significant vision problems in children is a high priority for pediatricians and school nurses. Routine vision screening is a necessary part of that detection and has traditionally involved acuity charts. However, photoscreening in which "red eye" is elicited to show whether each eye is focusing may outperform routine acuity…

This paper reports an investigation of the effectiveness of vision screening by the Modified Telebinocular Technique (MTT) when compared to the more cumbersome but highly valid and reliable Modified Clinical Technique (MCT). Data on 102 school children were collected using the MCT. The same children were then given the MTT to establish comparison…

FOUR VISION SCREENING METHODS WERE STUDIED DURING THE 1966-67 SCHOOL YEAR IN FOUR SELECTED SCHOOLS WITHIN A FOUR COUNTY AREA IN IOWA. SCREENING METHODS STUDIED WERE (1) SNELLEN CHART FOR DISTANCE VISION, (2) SNELLEN CHART FOR DISTANCE PLUS THE READING CARD-SNELLEN RATING FOR NEAR-POINT TESTING, (3) KEYSTONE VISUAL SURVEY TESTS, AND (4) T/O SCHOOL…

A study was conducted to determine if there were significant differences in vision between beginning readers who learn to read easily and those who learn with difficulty (dyslexics). In addition, the study examined the mean of the high achievers (rather than expert opinion) to discover the degree to which visual efficiency was normally needed for…

Visual persistence was investigated in adults with and without dyslexia in order to determine whether dyslexic adults demonstrate problems similar to those found in childhood dyslexia. Results showed that sensitivity of dyslexic adults was impaired when parts of a test stimulus were presented to adjacent retinal areas, suggesting that under…

Test presentation mode significantly affected test performance in two randomized groups of college students exposed to audio/visual and visual test modes. A significant difference was found between test presentation mode and mean test scores; the audio/visual test mode was superior to the visual test mode; and the "brighter" students seemed to…

THE RELATIONSHIP OF AUDITORY-VISUAL AND TACTUAL-VISUAL INTEGRATION TO INTELLIGENCE AND READING ACHIEVEMENT WAS INVESTIGATED. IN ADDITION, THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE TWO INTERSENSORY INTEGRATION TASKS TO EACH OTHER AND TO THE TYPE OF READING ERRORS MADE ON AN ORAL DIAGNOSTIC READING TEST WAS ALSO EXPLORED. THE SAMPLE WAS COMPOSED OF 121 WHITE…

Thirty introductory psychology students were randomly divided into two groups. The control group took a standard in-class printed examination. The treatment group was provided with both exam booklets and individual sets of audio equipment on which exam questions were recorded. The treatment group scored significantly higher. (NHM)

THE AMERICAN OPTICAL (AO) COMPANY'S SIGHT SCREENER, A PORTABLE BINOCULAR INSTRUMENT DESIGNED FOR MASS VISION TESTING, WAS EVALUATED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND READING AND STUDY SKILLS LABORATORY TO DETERMINE ITS CAPACITY TO IDENTIFY STUDENTS NEEDING PROFESSIONAL EYE EXAMINATIONS PRIOR TO READING INSTRUCTION. DATA FROM 106 PROBATIONARY FRESHMEN,…

AUDIOMETRIC AND VISUAL PROCEDURES WERE COMPARED ANALYTICALLY AND/OR DESIGNED TO ESTABLISH TEST METHODS FOR TRAINABLE MENTAL RETARDATES IN THE IQ RANGE OF 23-47 AND BELOW THE MENTAL AGE OF 4 YEARS. THE NUMBER OF SUBJECTS WAS 26 FOR THE AUDITORY PROGRAM AND 25 FOR THE VISUAL. EACH OF THE SUBJECTS WAS STUDIED ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS. DATA WERE…