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Download full textLing, Guangming; Gu, Lin – ETS Research Report Series, 2019
While many researchers have studied the relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) to adult learners' English language proficiency levels, little is known about this relationship for young learners (i.e., teenagers). In this study, we investigated the degree to which access to English language learning, as reflected by learners' SES, is associated…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, English (Second Language), Language Tests, Language Proficiency
Direct linkLing, Guangming; Bridgeman, Brent – International Journal of Testing, 2013
To explore the potential effect of computer type on the Test of English as a Foreign Language-Internet-Based Test (TOEFL iBT) Writing Test, a sample of 444 international students was used. The students were randomly assigned to either a laptop or a desktop computer to write two TOEFL iBT practice essays in a simulated testing environment, followed…
Descriptors: Laptop Computers, Writing Tests, Essays, Computer Assisted Instruction
