Autism spectrum disorder presents as a multifaceted condition characterized by pronounced impairments in social communication and behavioral patterns. Diagnosis hinges upon the expertise of clinicians, comprehensive developmental history, and observation of specific behavioral markers. However, in low-income countries, access to screening tools…

As access to smartphones and emerging technologies has become ubiquitous in our daily lives and in language learning, technology-mediated social interaction has become common in teaching and assessing L2 speaking. The changing ecology of L2 spoken interaction provides language educators and testers with opportunities for renewed test design and…

In the current research, we developed and tested a Cyber Malevolent Creativity Behavior Scale (CMCBS), which contains 11 items in three dimensions and aims to measure the degree of individuals' cyber malevolent creativity through malevolent creative behaviors in their lives. The results revealed satisfactory reliability with Cronbach's [alpha]…

Background: As educational institutions increasingly operate as multicultural hubs, leaders must navigate the complexities of cultural differences, language barriers and diverse learning styles in digital environments. These challenges are amplified by the lack of non-verbal cues and the asynchronous nature of online communication, which can lead…

Objective: Cyberbullying, which is defined as an intentional, aggressive, and repetitive behaviour where a person or group uses electronic devices (primarily the Internet and smartphones), is a new concept specifically for the Iranian educational system. We examined the Bullying and Cyberbullying Scale for Adolescents' (BCS-A) psychometric…

Parental mediation in the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is a protective factor against adolescents' online risk behaviours. This study aimed to design an assessment scale of parental mediation referred by minors and to explore its structure and psychometric properties. A total of 560 secondary education students (47.5%…

The present study aims to develop the Cyberbullying Awareness Scale (CAS) for adolescents, which assesses adolescents' awareness about cyberbullying, and to examine the psychometric properties of the scale by conducting validity and reliability studies. In this context, evidence on the validity and reliability of the scale was obtained in two…

This study intends to describe assessment strategies for young students' online learning. The participants in this descriptive qualitative study were 15 primary school principals and 35 teachers teaching Years 4 and 5 in urban and rural schools on the island of Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara Province, who volunteered their participation after…

This research comprised two studies to examine the psychometric properties of the Generalised Problematic Internet Use Scale-2 (GPIUS-2) and investigate personality profiles of problematic internet use (PIU) in the context of social media from an Adlerian theory perspective. In Study 1 (N = 320), exploratory factor analysis was conducted and four…

During the COVID-19 pandemic, education systems policymakers realized the importance of being able to communicate using technology and to fulfill their academic obligations. As a consequence, a different approach to education followed: blended learning. A literature review revealed a lack of psychometric tools related to blended teaching readiness…

The quadripartite violence typology categorizes aggression into rage, revenge, reward, and recreational aggression. Furthermore, the general aggression model highlights the interaction between personal and contextual factors in shaping aggressive behavior. Whereas the four types of aggression are considered as personal factors, a contextual…

Purpose: This study aims to examine the psychometric properties of the Cyberbullying Attitude Scale (CBAS) in Indian college students with the help of two independent studies. Design/methodology/approach: The first study investigated the factorial validity of the scale using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA),…

The rise of digital technologies, on one hand, has transformed the way learners interact with digital environments. On the other hand, we witness the digital divide and biases associated with it. This calls for a redefinition of digital citizenship. This prompted us to develop the Critical Digital Citizenship (CDC) Scale to assess school teachers'…

Teachers' digital competence is very significant in terms of integrating digital technologies into the education process. This study aims to develop an up-to-date scale that can determine the digital competencies required for teachers to acquire new skills that arise with the change and development of technology and use them in educational…

Recent studies have consistently demonstrated that antisocial behaviors occur in online environments. Although online antisocial behavior has a long history, it appears to have become more widespread in recent years due to the widespread use of online social networks. Although there are established criteria and instruments assessing antisocial…