A technique for adding and subtracting integers is presented as an alternative to the number line. White and black chips are used to represent positive and negative integers, respectively. (MP)

Allowing students to examine different ways of performing an operation is suggested as a means of increasing their understanding. (MP)

This manipulative model using counters involves balancing the number of counters on either side of the equals sign. (MP)

Described are activities using paper plates with dots drawn on them which place a heavy emphasis on matching and ordering sets, on developing mental images of sets, and on perceiving sets of a certain size as composed of smaller subsets. Also suggested are activities involving numerals. (Author/TG)

Discussed is research which shows, in contrast to the dominant impression given by Piaget's work, that before the onset of schooling the young child possesses several kinds of fundamental "intuitions" concerning numbers. (Author/TG)