Investigates the effects of medium, task, and instruction on the child's representation of the human figure, the origins and course of development of the child's representational effort, and the effects of socioeconomic status (SES), intelligence, age, sex, and mental retardation on the representation of the human figure. (Author/RK)

A general theory of how children learn conservation concepts is presented. The acquisition process is described at an abstract level in terms of a rule-sampling system, implying a three-state Markov model with identifiable parameters. Three experiments testing the model's quantitative predictions about conservation learning experiments are…

Differences in levels of subject matter learning at the university level were explored to determine how a learning task is approached between those who are successful and those who are less successful. Students read a selected social science text, (Paul Samuelson's "Economics", for example), related the material learned, answered content…