These proceedings contain the papers of the 20th International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in the Digital Age (CELDA 2023), held in Madeira Island, Portugal, from 21 to 23 October 2023 and organized by the International Association for Development of the Information Society (IADIS). The CELDA conference aims to address the main issues concerned with evolving learning processes and supporting pedagogies and applications in the digital age. There have been advances in both cognitive psychology and computing that have affected the educational arena. The convergence of these two disciplines is increasing at a fast pace and affecting academia and professional practice in many ways. The CELDA 2023 Conference received 75 submissions from more than 24 countries. Out of the papers submitted, 46 were accepted as full papers for an acceptance rate of 61%; 11 were accepted as short papers and 1 was accepted as reflection paper. In addition to the presentation of full, short and reflection papers, the conference also includes one keynote presentation from an internationally distinguished researcher: Professor Barbara Wasson, Director, Centre for the Science of Learning & Technology, Norway. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]