A scale was developed and tested to measure metaphoric complexity in order to aid teachers in the selection and sequencing of young adult (YA) novels in the English curriculum. The development and testing of the scale involved two stages: (1) the development of a questionnaire to determine if differences in the metaphoric complexity of examples…

Topics of the three essays in this bulletin--which originally appeared in the February, 1963, issue of "College English" and the March and April, 1963, issues of the "English Journal"--are (1) how the materials of language and poetry and the perceptions of individual minds are employed in examining a poem; (2) procedures for reading and…

Three universes of discourse are at work when writers create or use a metaphor: the analogical or metaphorical universe from which they borrow words, things, and relationships (sometimes called the "vehicle"); the contextual universe in which the analogy is being used (sometimes called the "topic"); and the metauniverse, or the comprehensive…