Questions asked by teachers are vital to maintaining and sustaining learner engagement. In Hong Kong secondary classrooms where English is used as the medium of instruction (EMI), productive teacher questioning is key to promoting both language and content learning. Drawing on classroom observations and in-depth interviews, this study investigated…

In bilingual elementary classrooms where English is taught as a foreign language, science lessons often prioritize spoken interaction, while reading and writing receive less emphasis. This article explores how Cognitive Discourse Functions (CDFs)--such as defining, explaining, hypothesizing, and evaluating--can support disciplinary and…

Within the research on bilingual learning, first studies have revealed that content learned in one language is retrieved more slowly when participants have to switch language from instruction to testing (i.e., language-switching costs, LSC). These costs are attributed to language-dependent knowledge representations. However, the cognitive…

Background/purpose: Indonesian language education at the senior high school level is expected to foster not only linguistic competence but also critical thinking and cultural awareness. Textbooks, as the primary learning instrument, must be evaluated for their alignment with curriculum goals and global literacy demands. Materials/methods: This…

Background: While both Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) and Digital Game-Based Learning (DGBL) are widely recognised as effective methods to enhance bilingual education, their combination often leads to cognitive overload and fragmented learning experiences. In Taiwan's bilingual education context, where integrating English into…

Embedded in a Systemic Functional understanding of education as an initiation into knowledge structures and specific activities, both of which are fundamentally mediated by language, this paper addresses one of the critical concerns around CLIL: a possible mismatch between students' cognitive level and their L2 proficiency. The focus is on acts of…

The construct of cognitive discourse functions (CDFs) has been proposed as a bridge between linguists and educationalists, linking 'subject specific cognitive learning goals with the linguistic representations they receive in classroom interaction' (Dalton-Puffer 2013. "A Construct of Cognitive Discourse Functions for Conceptualising…

The present study analyzed how a group of young Spanish-speaking English as a foreign language (EFL) learners in a content and language integrated learning (CLIL) science class responded to an instructional unit integrating attention to functional language and an inquiry-oriented approach to science. Working in cooperation with the researchers, a…

Due to increasing globalisation, workforce mobility and international assignments, higher education providers are attempting to equip their graduates with professional knowledge and proficient language skills to enhance their competitiveness in the global job market. In addition, intercultural competence is regarded as essential to enable…

This handbook synthesizes accumulated research evidence about the main areas of language teacher education. It systematically applies research synthesis to the field, providing coherent, systematic insights into various aspects of language teacher education. Each chapter compares research conducted between 2010-2020 within a specialized area of…

In Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) programmes, students learn content knowledge and a second/foreign language (L2) simultaneously. It follows that both content and language are assessed, although research on how to do so remains scarce. This study explores the interplay between cognitive and linguistic demands of CLIL assessments.…