Results showed that restraint, in comparison to no restraint, reduced the amount of body rocking. Also, restraint was judged to be generally more effective if it were applied when the S was bent over in the middle of the response sequence rather than administered while the S was sitting upright at the end of the response sequence. (Author)

Each instance of out-of-seat behavior of four hyperactive moderately/severely mentally retarded eight and nine year olds resulted in return to seat followed by 15-second physical restraint. Out-of-seat behavior of all four Ss increased during two implementations of the restraint contingency compared to levels during alternative baseline periods.…

Contingent reinforcement was used in training eight severely retarded children (4-14 years old) who were previously judged to be nonimitative. (Author)

Wheelchair mobility training (contingent upon inappropriate stereotypic behavior) combined with social praise (contingent upon toy-play behavior) effectively reduced the inappropriate behavior of three nonambulatory, profoundly retarded Ss (14 and 15 years old) to near zero level. (Author)

An operant-conditioning technique was used to teach three handicapped children (three to five years old) exhibiting echolalia to respond appropriately to a series of questions. (Author)

Social feedback was investigated as a treatment strategy for reducing inappropriate verbalizations by a retarded adult in a vocational-training program. Treatment procedures were introduced as a combination of three components: praise for not verbalizing inappropriately, reprimands, and instruction. (Author)

An experimental group of 11 mentally retarded Arab children (mean age 8.8 years) were involved in a contingency-management program based on successful completion of academic work. (Author)

Thirty-nine trainable mentally retarded adolescents were presented with a list of 32 reward options, consisting of primary (food) and secondary (cash equivalent) rewards that were immediately available or delayed one day at a ratio of 1:2. (Author)

In two experiments, three of four profoundly retarded and physically handicapped children (9-17 years old) with MAs below seven months demonstrated instrumental learning of a manipulatory response that produced either illumination or music. (Author)

To determine if the deficits in social behavior of retarded persons might be, in part, due to the failure of the environment to maintain that behavior. Inappropriate behavior of 18 institutionalized 12- to 20-year-olds was ignored, and appropriate social behavior was rewarded. (Author/CL)

A forced arm exercise was investigated as a means of eliminating head-hitting in two profoundly retarded children (8 and 12 years old). (Author/SBH)

Two procedures were used to compare the effects of differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) and differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) on self-injurious behavior (SIB) of three profoundly retarded head bangers (ages 8 and 24 years) in a multiple schedule within-subjects design. (Author/PHR)

A replication was conducted of part of J. Turnure and E. Zigler's (1964) experiment in which they assessed whether outerdirectedness was a function of failure experiences. (Author)

Four profoundly retarded multiply handicapped children (with a mean age of 12 years) were placed in a situation where auditory stimulation was made contingent on a visually directed lever-pulling response. (Author/MH)